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Home  ›  Which Agent Of Change Can Act On Its Own To Produce Landslides, Creep, And Falls?

Which Agent Of Change Can Act On Its Own To Produce Landslides, Creep, And Falls?

Written By Monday, March 7, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Movement of rock or soil down slopes

Mass wasting, likewise known as mass movement,[1] is a general term for the motility of rock or soil down slopes under the forcefulness of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or water ice. Types of mass wasting include creep, solifluction, rockfalls, debris flows, and landslides, each with its ain characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Globe, Mars, Venus, Jupiter's moons Io, and on many other bodies in the Solar System.

Subsidence is sometimes regarded every bit a course of mass wasting. A distinction is and then fabricated between mass wasting by subsidence, which involves petty horizontal movement, and mass wasting by gradient movement.

Rapid mass wasting events, such equally landslides, can be deadly and destructive. More than gradual mass wasting, such as soil creep, poses challenges to civil engineering, as creep can deform roadways and structures and pause pipelines. Mitigation methods include slope stabilization, construction of walls, catchment dams, or other structures to contain rockfall or debris flows, afforestation, or improved drainage of source areas.

Types [edit]

Mass wasting is a general term for any process of erosion that is driven by gravity and in which the transported soil and rock is not entrained in a moving medium, such as h2o, air current, or ice.[two] The presence of water normally aids mass wasting, but the water is not abundant enough to be regarded as a transporting medium. Thus, the distinction between mass wasting and stream erosion lies betwixt a mudflow (mass wasting) and a very muddied stream (stream erosion), without a sharp dividing line.[3] Many forms of mass wasting are recognized, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years.[2]

Based on how the soil, regolith or stone moves downslope as a whole, mass movements tin exist broadly classified as either creeps or landslides.[4] Subsidence is sometimes as well regarded equally a form of mass wasting.[5] A distinction is then made betwixt mass wasting by subsidence, which involves little horizontal motion,[6] and mass wasting past slope movement.[7]

Pitter-patter [edit]

Soil pitter-patter is a dull and long term mass motility. The combination of small movements of soil or rock in different directions over fourth dimension is directed by gravity gradually downslope. The steeper the slope, the faster the creep. The creep makes trees and shrubs curve to maintain their perpendicularity, and they can trigger landslides if they lose their root footing. The surface soil can migrate under the influence of cycles of freezing and thawing, or hot and cold temperatures, inching its fashion towards the bottom of the gradient forming terracettes. Landslides are ofttimes preceded by soil creep accompanied with soil sloughing — loose soil that falls and accumulates at the base of the steepest creep sections.[8]

Solifluction [edit]

Solifluction is a class of creep characteristics of arctic or tall climates. It takes identify in soil saturated with moisture that thaws during the summer months to creep downhill. It takes place on moderate slopes, relatively free of vegetation, that are underlain by permafrost and receive a constant supply of new debris by weathering. Solifluction affects the unabridged slope rather than being bars to channels and can produce terrace-similar landforms or stone rivers.[nine]

Landslide [edit]

A landslide, also called a landslip,[10] is a relatively rapid movement of a large mass of earth and rocks downwardly a hill or a mountainside. Landslides can be further classified past the importance of water in the mass wasting procedure. In a narrow sense, landslides are rapid movement of big amounts of relatively dry droppings down moderate to steep slopes. With increasing water content, the mass wasting takes the form of debris avalanches, so earthflows, then mudflows. Further increase in water content produces a sheetflood, which is a form of sheet erosion rather than mass wasting.[eleven]

Occurrences [edit]

On Earth, mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes.[12] Submarine mass wasting is specially common along glaciated coastlines where glaciers are retreating and bully quantities of sediments are being released. Submarine slides tin can transport huge volumes of sediments for hundreds of kilometers in a few hours.[thirteen]

Mass wasting is a mutual miracle throughout the Solar Organisation, occurring where volatile materials are lost from a regolith. Such mass wasting has been observed on Mars, Io, Triton, and possibly Europa and Ganymede.[14] Mass wasting also occurs in the equatorial regions of Mars, where stopes of soft sulfate-rich sediments are steepened past wind erosion.[15] Mass wasting on Venus is associated with the rugged terrain of tesserae.[sixteen] Io shows extensive mass wasting of its volcanic mountains.[17]

Deposits and landforms [edit]

Mass wasting affects geomorphology, nigh ofttimes in subtle, small-calibration ways, but occasionally more spectacularly.[18]

Soil creep is rarely apparent but can produce such subtle furnishings as curved forest growth and tilted fences and telephone poles. It occasionally produces depression scarps and shallow depressions.[19] Solifluction produced lobed or sheetlike deposits, with fairly definite edges, in which clasts (rock fragments) are oriented perpendicular to the contours of the eolith.[20]

Rockfall can produce talus slopes at the feet of cliffs. A more dramatic manifestation of rockfall is rock glaciers, which form from rockfall from cliffs oversteepened by glaciers.[19]

Landslides tin produce scarps and pace-like pocket-size terraces.[21] Landslide deposits are poorly sorted. Those rich in clay may prove stretched dirt lumps (a miracle called boudinage) and zones of concentrated shear.[20]

Debris menstruum deposits accept the class of long, narrow tracks of very poorly sorted material. These may take natural levees at the sides of the tracks, and sometimes consist of lenses of rock fragments alternating with lenses of fine-grained bawdy material.[20] Debris flows often course much of the upper slopes of alluvial fans.[22]

Causes [edit]

Triggers for mass wasting can be divided into passive and activating (initiating) causes. Passive causes include:[23]

  • Stone and soil lithology. Unconsolidated or weak debris are more susceptible to mass wasting, equally are materials that lose cohesion when wetted.
  • Stratigraphy, such equally thinly bedded rock or alternating beds of weak and strong or impermeable or permiable rock lithologies.
  • Faults or other geologic structures that weaken the rock.
  • Topography, such as steep slopes or cliffs.
  • Climate, with large temperature swings, frequent freezing and thawing, or abundant rainfall
  • Lack of vegetation

Activating causes include:[23]

  • Undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion
  • Increased overburden from structures
  • Increased soil moisture
  • Earthquakes[24]

Hazards and mitigation [edit]

Mass wasting causes issues for civil engineering, particularly highway construction. It can displace roads, buildings, and other structure and can pause pipelines. Historically, mitigation of landslide hazards on the Gaillard Cutting of the Panama Culvert accounted for 55,860,400 cubic meters (73,062,600 cu yd) of the 128,648,530 cubic meters (168,265,924 cu yd) of material removed while excavating the cutting.[25]

Rockslides or landslides can have disastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed. The Oso disaster of March 2014 was a landslide that caused 43 fatalities in Oso, Washington, US.[26] Delayed consequences of landslides can arise from the formation of landslide dams, as at Thistle, Utah in April 1983.[27] [28]

Volcano flanks can go over-steep resulting in instability and mass wasting. This is now a recognised part of the growth of all active volcanoes.[29] It is seen on submarine volcanoes as well every bit surface volcanoes:[30] Loihi in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount concatenation[31] and Kick 'em Jenny in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc[32] are ii submarine volcanoes that are known to undergo mass wasting. The failure of the northern flank of Mount St Helens in 1980 showed how quickly volcanic flanks can deform and fail.[33]

Methods of mitigation of mass wasting hazards include:

  • Afforestation[34] [35]
  • Construction of fences, walls, or ditches to contain rockfall[36]
  • Construction of catchment dams to incorporate droppings flows[37]
  • Improved drainage of source areas[37]
  • Slope stabilization[38]

See also [edit]

  • Denudation
  • SMR classification

References [edit]

  1. ^ Allaby, Michael (2013). "mass movement". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN9780199653065.
  2. ^ a b Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Friable". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Viriginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN0922152349.
  3. ^ Thornbury, William D. (1969). Principles of geomorphology (2d ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 36. ISBN0471861979.
  4. ^ Allaby, Michael (2013). "mass-wasting". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Printing. ISBN9780199653065.
  5. ^ Britannica
  6. ^ Jackson 1997, "subsidence".
  7. ^ Fleming, Robert W.; Varnes, David J. (1991). "Slope movements". The Heritage of Engineering Geology; the Starting time Hundred Years: 201–218. doi:x.1130/DNAG-CENT-v3.201. ISBN0813753031.
  8. ^ "Indicators of potentially unstable slopes" (PDF). Sound Native Plants . Retrieved 2019-01-22 .
  9. ^ Thornbury 1969, p. 85.
  10. ^ Jackson 1997, "landslip".
  11. ^ Thornbury 1969, pp. 37, 268–269.
  12. ^ Yamada, Yasuhiro; Kawamura, Kiichiro; Ikehara, Ken; Ogawa, Yujiro; Urgeles, Roger; Mosher, David; Chaytor, Jason; Strasser, Michael (2012). Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences. Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences. pp. 1–12. doi:x.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_1. ISBN978-94-007-2161-6.
  13. ^ Elverhøi, Anders; de Blasio, Fabio Five.; Barrel, Faisal A.; Issler, Dieter; Harbitz, Carl; Engvik, Lars; Solheim, Anders; Marr, Jeffrey (2002). "Submarine mass-wasting on glacially-influenced continental slopes: processes and dynamics". Geological Club, London, Special Publications. 203 (ane): 73–87. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.203...73E. doi:x.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.05. S2CID 129761985.
  14. ^ Moore, Jeffrey Thou.; Mellon, Michael T.; Zent, Aaron P. (July 1996). "Mass Wasting and Ground Collapse in Terrains of Volatile-Rich Deposits equally a Solar System-Wide Geological Process: The Pre-Galileo View". Icarus. 122 (one): 63–78. Bibcode:1996Icar..122...63M. doi:x.1006/icar.1996.0109.
  15. ^ Thomas, M.F.; McEwen, A.S.; Dundas, C.M. (May 2020). "Present-solar day mass wasting in sulfate-rich sediments in the equatorial regions of Mars". Icarus. 342: 113566. Bibcode:2020Icar..34213566T. doi:x.1016/j.icarus.2019.113566. S2CID 213058440.
  16. ^ Bindschadler, D. L.; Head, J. W. (August 1988). "Diffuse scattering of radar on the surface of Venus: Origin and implications for the distribution of soils". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 42 (2): 133–149. Bibcode:1988EM&P...42..133B. doi:ten.1007/BF00054542. S2CID 120272183.
  17. ^ Turtle, Elizabeth P.; Keszthelyi, Laszlo P.; McEwen, Alfred South.; Radebaugh, Jani; Milazzo, Moses; Simonelli, Damon P.; Geissler, Paul; Williams, David A.; Perry, Jason; Jaeger, Windy L. (May 2004). "The final Galileo SSI observations of Io: orbits G28-I33". Icarus. 169 (1): iii–28. Bibcode:2004Icar..169....3T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014.
  18. ^ Thornbury 1969, p. 83.
  19. ^ a b Thornbury 1969, pp. 83–85.
  20. ^ a b c Mücher, Herman; van Steijn, Henk; Kwaad, Frans (2018). "Colluvial and Mass Wasting Deposits". Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths: 21–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63522-viii.00002-4. ISBN9780444635228.
  21. ^ Thornbury 1969, p. 90.
  22. ^ Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980). Origin of sedimentary rocks (second ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 631. ISBN0136427103.
  23. ^ a b Thornbury 1969, p. 47.
  24. ^ Parker, Robert N.; Densmore, Alexander L.; Rosser, Nicholas J.; de Michele, Marcello; Li, Yong; Huang, Runqiu; Whadcoat, Siobhan; Petley, David N. (July 2011). "Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. four (7): 449–452. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..449P. doi:x.1038/ngeo1154.
  25. ^ Thornbury 1969, p. 558.
  26. ^ Iverson, R.G.; George, D.Fifty.; Allstadt, K.; Reid, Yard.Eastward.; Collins, B.D.; Vallance, J.Due west.; Schilling, S.P.; Godt, J.Westward.; Cannon, C.Yard.; Magirl, C.S.; Baum, R.L.; Coe, J.A.; Schulz, West.H.; Bower, J.B. (February 2015). "Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 412: 197–208. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.412..197I. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020.
  27. ^ Schuster, Robert L. (1986). Landslide dams : processes, risk and mitigation : proceedings of a session. New York, N.Y.: ASCE. ISBN978-0-87262-524-ii.
  28. ^ Milligan, Mark (May 2005). "Thistle Landslide Revisited, Utah County, Utah". Survey Notes. 37 (two). Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  29. ^ Moon, Vicki; Simpson, Christine J (April 2002). "Large-scale mass wasting in ancient volcanic materials". Engineering Geology. 64 (one): 41–64. doi:10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00092-8.
  30. ^ Hildenbrand, A.; Marques, F. O.; Catalão, J. (Dec 2018). "Large-scale mass wasting on small volcanic islands revealed by the study of Flores Isle (Azores)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13898. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813898H. doi:ten.1038/s41598-018-32253-0. PMC6141455. PMID 30224744.
  31. ^ Fornari, Daniel J.; Garcia, Michael O.; Tyce, Robert C.; Gallo, David G. (10 December 1988). "Morphology and structure of Loihi Seamount based on Seabeam Sonar Mapping". Journal of Geophysical Enquiry: Solid Globe. 93 (B12): 15227–15238. Bibcode:1988JGR....9315227F. doi:10.1029/JB093iB12p15227.
  32. ^ Carey, Steven; Ballard, Robert; Bell, Katherine L.C.; Bell, Richard J.; Connally, Patrick; Dondin, Frederic; Fuller, Sarah; Gobin, Judith; Miloslavich, Patricia; Phillips, Brennan; Roman, Chris; Seibel, Brad; Siu, Nam; Smart, Clara (November 2014). "Cold seeps associated with a submarine droppings barrage deposit at Kick'em Jenny volcano, Grenada (Lesser Antilles)". Deep Sea Research Function I: Oceanographic Enquiry Papers. 93: 156–160. Bibcode:2014DSRI...93..156C. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.002.
  33. ^ Glicken, Harry (1996). "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Study. Open up-File Written report. 96–677. doi:10.3133/ofr96677. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  34. ^ van Beek, Rens; Cammeraat, Erik; Andreu, Vicente; Mickovski, Slobodan B.; Dorren, Luuk (2008). "Hillslope Processes: Mass Wasting, Slope Stability and Erosion". Slope Stability and Erosion Command: Ecotechnological Solutions: 17–64. doi:10.1007/978-i-4020-6676-4_3. ISBN978-1-4020-6675-vii.
  35. ^ Adu-Boahen, Thou.; Dadson, I.Y.; Yike, P (2020). "Geomorphic Assessment of Residence Knowledge of Mass Wasting in the Weija Catchment of Ghana". ADRRI Periodical (Multidisciplinary). 29 (one(6)): 89–112. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  36. ^ De Blasio, Fabio Vittorio (2011). Introduction to the physics of landslides : lecture notes on the dynamics of mass wasting. Dordrecht. p. 280. ISBN9789400711228.
  37. ^ a b van Beek et al. 2008, p. 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFvan_BeekCammeraatAndrewMickovski2008 (aid)
  38. ^ Mulyono, A; Subardja, A; Ekasari, I; Lailati, One thousand; Sudirja, R; Ningrum, Westward (February 2018). "The Hydromechanics of Vegetation for Gradient Stabilization". IOP Briefing Serial: Globe and Environmental Scientific discipline. 118 (ane): 012038. Bibcode:2018E&ES..118a2038M. doi:x.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012038. ISSN 1755-1307.

Further reading [edit]

  • Monroe, Wicander (2005). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN0-495-01020-0.
  • Selby, M.J. (1993). Hillslope Materials and Processes, 2e. Oxford University Printing. ISBN0-19-874183-ix.
  • Fundamentals Of Physical Geography (Class 11th NCERT). ISBN 81-7450-518-0

External links [edit]

  • Georgia Perimeter College: Mass Wasting
  • CSU Long Beach: Introduction to Concrete Geography: Introduction to Gradational Processes
  • WFPA: Steep Slopes: Geology, Topography, Storms and Landslides in Washington Land
  • NPS.gov: Mass Wasting

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting

Posted by: ammonsmucithe.blogspot.com

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